X
Cast & Crew
Directed By
Written By
- Will Ferrell
- written by / characters
- Adam McKay
- written by / characters
Cast
- Will Ferrell
- Ron Burgundy
- Steve Carell
- Brick Tamland
- Paul Rudd
- Brian Fantana
- David Koechner
- Champ Kind
- Christina Applegate
- Veronica Corningstone
- Dylan Baker
- Freddie Shapp
- Meagan Good
- Linda Jackson
- Judah Nelson
- Walter Burgundy
- James Marsden
- Jack Lime
- Greg Kinnear
- Gary
- Josh Lawson
- Kench Allenby
- Kristen Wiig
- Chani Lastnamé
- Fred Willard
- Ed Harken
- Chris Parnell
- Garth
- Harrison Ford
- Mack Tannen
- Bill Kurtis
- Narrator
- June Diane Raphael
- Chani's Boss
- Tom Clark
- Curtis Knightfish
- Jennifer Felton
- Diane Yahwea
- Drake
- Soul Brother
- Daisy Pareja
- Lupita
- Pearl McKay
- Sea World Kid
- Axel Ferrell
- Sea World Kid
- Magnus Ferrell
- Sea World Kid
- Mattias Ferrell
- Sea World Kid
- Eliza Coupe
- Sea World Trainer
- Matt Rebenkoff
- Sea World Security Guard
- Paul Schneider
- Sea World Security Guard
- Brian F. Durkin
- Sea World Manager
- Zoe Myers
- Whammy Chicken Girl
- Clark Sarullo
- Whammy Chicken Girl
- Billy Woods
- Whammy Chicken Customer
- Anna Enger Ritch
- Brian's Female Assistant
- George Faughnan
- Brian's Male Assistant
- Paul Chappell
- Jack Lime's Sports Anchor
- Fred Galle
- Jack Lime's Weatherman
- Patrick J. Williams
- Jack Lime's Field Reporter
- Jamie Moore
- GNN Stage Manager
- Matthew Cornwell
- GNN Director
- Dane Davenport
- GNN Crew Member
- Dan Triandiflou
- GNN Producer
- James Smith
- WBC Producer
- David Silverman
- WBC Stage Manager
- Dave Pileggi
- Linda's Assistant
- Clay Stapleford
- Bar Patron
- Jayson Warner Smith
- Guy with Knife in Head
- David Dwyer
- Redneck
- Courtney Patterson
- Housewife
- Kelly Tippens
- Housewife
- Jon Hayden
- Ad Sales Guy
- Ron Prather
- Priest
- Gary Weeks
- Scout Leader
- Stephanie Ming
- Woman in Bikini Top
- Kellen Marcus
- Underwear Model
- L. Warren Young
- Linda's Father
- Darlene French
- Linda's Mother
- E. Roger Mitchell
- Linda's Brother
- Michael Menapace
- Yasser Arafat
- Patricia French
- Crowd Member at Ice Rink
- Paula Pell
- Crowd Member at Ice Rink
- Andrew Feltenstein
- Band at Ice Rink
- John Nau
- Band at Ice Rink
- Mia D. Braswell
- Band at Ice Rink
- Simuel Campbell
- Band at Ice Rink
- Micah Stampley
- Band at Ice Rink
- Wilbur Fitzgerald
- Dr. Brangley
- Karen Beyer
- Music Teacher
- Brian Steele
- Were-Hyena / Minotaur
- Sacha Baron Cohen
- BBC News Anchor
- Marion Cotillard
- Canadian Anchor
- Micheál Neeson
- History Channel Reporter
- Will Smith
- ESPN Reporter
- Kirsten Dunst
- El Trousias Maiden of the Clouds
- Joe Washington
- Minister
- Jessica Brown
- Lady in Shower
- Margaret Moseley
- Woman at Bar
- Jessica Peralta
- Woman at Bar
- Rachel Acuna
- Show Spectator
- Matt Amick
- GNN Cameraman
- Evan D. Anderson
- Wedding Guest
- Vernon Beckstrom
- Restaurant Patron
- JoAnn Bernat
- BBC News Team
- Larry A. Brewer
- Recital & Emmy Guest
- Brian Patrick Butler
- Sea World Tourist
- Augie Buttinelli
- Beach Wedding Guest
- Frederick Carpenter
- Wedding Guest
- Mia Carpenter
- Seaworld Kid
- Jim Carrey
- CBC News Anchor - Scott Riles
- Charles Casey
- Whammy Chicken Customer
- Lisa Catara
- News Reporter
- Jon Cioffi
- BG Cop
- James Collins
- Guy on Phone
- Steve Coulter
- Judge
- Taber Cross
- Waitress
- Ellie Decker
- Dinner Guest
- Gelin DiGennaro
- GNN Field Reporter
- Edgar Fernandez
- Sea World Guy
- Tina Fey
- Entertainment Tonight Reporter
- Lisa Finlayson
- Anchorwoman
- Josh Forshee
- News Team Member
Produced By
- Judd Apatow
- producer
- Jessica Elbaum
- executive producer
- Will Ferrell
- producer
- David B. Householter
- executive producer
- Adam McKay
- producer
- Kevin J. Messick
- executive producer
- Sara Spring
- executive in charge of production
- Robyn Wholey
- associate producer
Music
Cinematography
- Oliver Wood
- director of photography
Sound
- Mark Agostino
- pro tools playback mixer
- George H. Anderson
- supervising sound editor
- Anna Behlmer
- re-recording mixer
- C. Douglas Cameron
- boom operator
- Greg Crawford
- adr mixer: Atlanta
- Jenna Dalla Riva
- foley recordist
- Evan Daum
- adr mixer
- Tammy Fearing
- adr supervisor / dialogue supervisor
- Marc Fishman
- re-recording mixer
- Eric Flickinger
- re-recording mix technician
- Sandra Fox
- foley artist
- Judah Getz
- adr mixer
- David Michael Green
- post production infrastructure
- Jack Heeren
- foley mixer
- Larry Kemp
- adr editor / dialogue editor
- Goro Koyama
- foley artist
- Andy Malcolm
- foley artist
- Cindy Marty
- sound effects editor
- John Maskew
- pro tools playback mixer
- Tony Moller
- adr recordist / re-recording mixer VF
- Stephen Muir
- foley recordist
- Whit Norris
- production sound mixer
- Jordan O'Neill
- datasat sound mastering engineer
- Joe Schiff
- dialogue and adr editor
- Greg Sextro
- sound utility: NY unit
- Dana Simmons
- second boom operator / sound utility
- Cherie Tamai
- first assistant sound editor
- Lora Tucci
- adr recordist
- Don White
- foley recording mixer
- Mark Wilkening
- voiceover recordist
Editing
Production Design
Art Direction
- Elliott Glick
- supervising art director
Set Design
Costumes
Makeup
- Lance Aldredge
- hair stylist
- Stephanie Barnes
- additional makeup artist
- Bridget Cook
- hair department head
- Amber Crowe
- makeup artist
- Lawrence Davis
- hair stylist
- Vanessa Davis
- assistant hair stylist
- Jay Ferrara
- key hair stylist
- Kimberly Jones
- makeup artist
- Katie Kilkenny
- key makeup artist: San Diego
- Don Kozma
- makeup artist
- Micah Laine
- makeup artist
- Sarah Mays
- third makeup artist
- Bernadette Mazur
- makeup department head
- Breanne McNally
- key hair stylist: San Diego
- Talya Melvey
- hair stylist
- Paul Molnar
- makeup artist
- Tracey Moss
- hair stylist
- Cindy Elsa Rankin
- assistant hair stylist
- Christina Robinz
- additional makeup artist
- Monty Schuth
- key hair stylist
- Aida Scuffle
- makeup artist
- Keitric Starks
- makeup artist
- Ariane Turner
- makeup artist
- Colleen Wheeler
- assistant hair stylist
- Joani Yarbrough
- hair stylist
- Bill Corso
- makeup artist
Special Effects
- Ty Boyce
- animatronic designer / animatronic operator
- Paul Causey
- special effects technician
- Michael H. Clark
- special effects technician
- Michael Aj Dzenowagis
- special effects technician
- Jeremy Farlow
- special effects technician
- David Fletcher
- special effects coordinator
- Desiree Iannello
- special effects coordinator
- Thomas Kittle
- special effects foreman
- Brendan McHale
- special effects foreman
- Larry Odien
- mechanical effects technician: Spectral Motion
- Jackson Rowden
- fabricator
- Sarah Vongsavath
- special effects assistant
- Tim Walkey
- special effects foreman
Visual Effects
- William Barkus
- compositor
- Drew Beekler
- compositor
- Vincent Blin
- visual effects flame artist
- Dan Bollwerk
- visual effects artist
- Robin T. Brown
- compositor
- Robert J. Bruce
- compositor
- Wilson Cameron
- visual effects producer
- Zac Campbell
- digital compositor
- Alex Cheparev
- asset lead
- Chi-Chang Chu
- texture/lookdev artist
- Leslie Chung
- digital compositor
- Taylor Cook
- animator: Mr X
- Gary Couto
- digital compositor
- Ryan Cunningham
- visual effects coordinator
- Christopher DeVito
- cg animator/rigger
- Wes Dorough
- data wrangler
- Mike Elizalde
- creature effects
- Artur Elson
- visual effects artist
- Bryan T. Evans
- visual effects tracking supervisor
- Michael Fessenden
- visual effects pipeline td
- Joshua Frankel
- previs supervisor
- Greg Groenekamp
- senior compositor
- Jep Hill
- cg supervisor
- Timothy Hoffman
- senior lookdev & lighting artist
- Ryan Hussain
- effects animation
- Desiree Iannello
- visual effects coordinator
- Jeremy Johnson
- digital compositor
- da Suel Kim
- visual effects artist
- Natsuko Kisaki
- compositor
- Franz Kol
- digital compositor
- Lenz Kol
- digital compositor
- Randy Krueger
- digital compositor
- Gong Myung Lee
- cg supervisor
- Jina Lee
- texture painter
- Dave Levine
- visual effects flame artist: Lola Visual Effects
- Jackie Liao
- visual effects lighting td
- Mark Lieberman
- compositor
- Tim Llewellyn
- compositing supervisor: Mr. X Gotham
- Nicole Lynch
- visual effects producer: Mr. X Gotham
- Erick Montano
- roto/paint artist
- Erin W. Nash
- senior compositor
- Ken Nielsen
- digital compositor
- Thomas Nittmann
- visual effects producer: Lola Visual Effects
- Johnathan Nixon
- effects technical director: Mr. X Gotham
- Robert Olsson
- visual effects artist
- Allison Paul
- visual effects associate producer: Lola Visual Effects
- Jennifer Ramos
- VFX coordinator: Mr X Gotham
- Eric J. Robertson
- visual effects supervisor
- Justin Rogers-CdeBaca
- visual effects production assistant
- Yuki Uehara
- digital compositor
- Alek Vacura
- visual effects modeler
- Keven Viragh-Begert
- matchmove artist
- Edson Williams
- visual effects supervisor: Lola Visual Effects
Assistant Director
- Max Berryhill
- second second assistant director: San Diego
- Jake Brown
- dga trainee
- Matthew Fortino
- additional second assistant director
- David Leitch
- second unit director
- Jim Nickas
- second assistant director: second unit
- Ellen Parnett
- additional second assistant director: New York
- Derek Peterson
- second second assistant director: New York
- Kristina M. Peterson
- second second assistant director
- Matt Rebenkoff
- first assistant director
- Paul Schneider
- second assistant director
- Ryan Brunner
- additional second assistant director
- David Champion
- additional second assistant director
Production Management
- Dana Robin
- unit production manager
- Lisa Rodgers
- post-production supervisor
- Zoe Hartman
- production assistant
Art Department
- Rose Ashikyan
- props
- Todd Bennett
- plaster foreman
- Aprile Lanza Boettcher
- composite artist
- Danny Brown
- set designer
- Richard Brunton
- leadman
- Robert Bullock Jr.
- propmaker
- Sam Carter
- set dresser
- Cristina Lucia Cesari
- buyer
- Dana Corbett
- set dresser
- Jerry DeRogatis
- props: New York
- Russ Dickerson
- gangboss
- Buddy Dowling
- on-set greensman
- John R. Elliott
- construction coordinator
- Zachary Fannin
- graphic designer / prop graphics
- Jared Fleury
- props
- Daniel B. Foster
- set decoration gangboss
- Carol Francoso
- on-set painter
- Toniet Gallego
- propman
- Seth Gardner
- stage foreman
- Lucas Godfrey
- props
- Mark S. Harbacheck
- propmaker
- Alex Hillkurtz
- storyboard artist
- Jessica R. Jackson
- art department
- Mark Keever
- set dresser gangboss
- Zach Kilpatrick
- set painter
- Jessica Lang
- set dresser
- Ariella Lauren
- carpenter
- Chelsea Leonowicz
- set decoration coordinator
- Sean Macomber
- set dresser
- W. Scott Mason
- construction general foreman
- Eddy Mayer
- storyboard artist
- James Mazzola
- property master
- Brooke McBryde
- construction medic
- Alex McCarroll
- set designer
- Barbara Mesney
- set designer
- Frank Musitelle
- greens coordinator / greensman
- Mark Nave
- propmaker
- Tripp Norton
- on-set dresser
- Kenneth R. Saunchegraw
- foreman
- David Schanker
- assistant property master
- Daniel F. Simmons
- set dresser
- Vera Smith
- set decoration buyer
- Mazzy Solana
- set dresser
- Ann Stacy
- lead scenic
- Craig Stanley
- artist
- Adam Tankell
- graphic designer
- John Thomason
- set painter
- William Thompson
- scenic industrial
- Cedar Valentine
- art department coordinator
- James Bryant Wactor
- propmaker
- Steven David Walton
- set dresser
- Jerry West
- greensman
- Nina A. White
- art department assistant
- Elaina Winter
- set dresser
- Lisa Yeiser
- graphic designer
Stunts
- JoAnn Bernat
- stunts
- Charlie Brewer
- stunts / stunt double: David Koechner
- Joe Bucaro III
- stunts / stunt double: Vince Vaughn
- Max Calder
- stunts
- Wesley Campbell
- stunts
- Ann Carton
- stunts / stunt driver
- John Casino
- stunts
- Mark Chadwick
- stunts
- Tim Connolly
- stunts
- John Cooper
- stunt performer / stunts
- John T. Cypert
- stunts
- Elizabeth Davidovich
- stunts
- Nick DeKay
- stunts / stunt driver
- Philip Dido
- stunts / stunt double: James Marsden / stunt double: Paul Rudd
- Paul Eliopoulos
- stunts
- Corey Michael Eubanks
- stunts
- Jonathan Eusebio
- stunts / fight coordinator
- Carl Kyle F.
- stunts
- Eddie J. Fernandez
- stunts
- Bob Fisher
- stunts
- Mickey Giacomazzi
- stunts
- Jeffrey Lee Gibson
- stunts
- Daniel Graham
- stunts
- Marian Green
- stunts
- Becca GT
- stunts
- Dante Ha
- stunts
- Daniel Hernandez
- stunts
- Donald Hewitt
- stunts
- Mike Justus
- stunts
- Shawn Patrick Lane
- stunts
- Mike Massa
- stunts
- Mike Mukatis
- stunts
- Declan Mulvey
- stunts / stunt driver
- Matthew Austin Murray
- stunts
- Chris O'Hara
- stunt coordinator
- Chris Palermo
- stunts
- Jay Pearson
- stunt actor / stunts
- Daniel Reinhardt
- stunts
- Randall Reitenbach
- stunts / utility stunts
- Simon Rhee
- stunts
- Andy Rusk
- stunts
- Rich Rutherford
- stunts / stunt driver
- Maya Santandrea
- stunts
- Erik Solky
- stunts / stunt double: steve Carell
- Greg Sproles
- stunts
- Todd Rogers Terry
- stunt double: E. Roger Mitchell / stunts
- Don Thai Theerathada
- stunts
- Natalie C. Thomas
- stunt double: Christina Applegate / stunts
- Matt Triplett
- stunts
- Ashley Rae Trisler
- stunts / stunt actor
- Vladimir Troitsky
- stunt driver
- Jaye Tyroff
- stunts / stunt double: Will Ferrell
- Jon Valera
- stunts / utility stunts
- Aaron Vexler
- stunts
- Randy Beckman
- aerial stunt rigger
- Nick Benseman
- stunts
- Daniel Bernhardt
- stunts
- Chad Bowman
- stunt rigger
- Lisa Catara
- stunt actor
- Anis Cheurfa
- stunt performer
- David Haines
- double: Will Smith
- Jimmy Hays
- stunt driver
- Donald John Hewitt
- stunt driver
- Scott Ledbetter
- stunt driver
- Joe Mancini
- precision driver
- Jeremy Marinas
- stunts
- Dan Martin
- stunt driver
- Justin Yu
- stunt performer
Editorial
- Alex Brownley
- dailies operator
- Wayne Degan
- assistant colorist
- Jay Deuby
- additional editor
- Travis Flynn
- digital intermediate color assistant
- Alex Hepburn
- assistant editor
- Kimberly Huston
- assistant editor
- Matthew W. Johnson
- digital conform: Company 3
- Andy Kaplan
- senior digital intermediate producer
- David Levinson
- post-production assistant
- Christopher McDonald
- dailies operator
- Stephen Nakamura
- digital intermediate colorist
- Ken O'Keefe
- first assistant editor
- John Petersen
- colorist: dailies
- Arthur Tremeau
- dailies producer
- Brian Lonano
- dailies operator
- Anthony Motta
- dailies operator
- Jim Passon
- color timer
- Ian Sullivan
- digital intermediate accountant
Other
- William Ballard
- picture car coordinator
- Ron Baum Jr.
- driver
- Michael W. Broomer
- driver
- Holly Camp
- transportation dispatcher
- Jorge Casillas
- picture car mechanic/fabricator
- David Conelli
- camera car driver
- David Frith
- driver
- Nathan Hardcastle
- transportation
- Daniel La Fave
- driver: cast
- Michael Menapace
- transportation coordinator
- Cyril O'Neil
- picture car consultant
- Robert Oxford
- driver
- George A. Sack
- transportation co-captain
- Gabe Turiello
- landoll trailer
- Tyson Weatherford
- transportation captain
- Ronald C. Young
- driver
Music Department
- Neel Hammond
- musician: violin
- Mark S. Hollingsworth
- composer: additional music
- Oliver Hug
- music editor
- Kevin Kaska
- orchestrator
- Aaron Meyer
- music preparation
- Charissa Nielsen
- choir contractor / singer
- Dana Nielsen
- score recorded and mixed by
- Jasper Randall
- choir contractor
- Ryan Robinson
- scoring technical support engineer
- Peter Rotter
- music contractor
- Scott Michael Smith
- orchestra recorded by
- Erica Weis
- music editor / music supervisor
- Rich Wheeler
- scoring stage crew
- Booker White
- head of music preparation
- Merit Leighton
- singer: back-up vocalist
- Frank Macchia
- music preparation
- Gerald White
- singer
Casting Department
- Ressie Burtley
- extras casting assistant
- Jamie Lynn Catrett
- extras casting
- Samantha Gergen
- background casting associate
- Peter John Kousakis
- casting assistant
- Ashley Lambert
- adr voice casting
- Rose Locke
- extras casting
- Kris Redding
- casting associate
- Robb Pendleton
- extras casting assistant
Costume Department
- Dustin Angus
- key costumer
- Christopher Beeman
- costume coordinator
- Lawrence Bell
- tailor: New York
- Sonja Cizmazia
- costume supervisor: New York
- Sara Cobbeldick
- costumer
- Synithia Cochran
- cutter/fitter
- Sarah Dano
- set costumer: New York
- Kate Duke
- set costumer: Steve Carell
- Andrea Francis
- seamstress
- Robyn Gebhart
- cutter/fitter
- Joyce A. Henriquez
- additional costumer
- Dan Hicks
- set costumer: New York
- Keith Hudson
- textile artist/dyer
- Catharine Fletcher Incaprera
- costume supervisor
- Erinn Knight
- additional costumer
- Marylou Lim
- set costumer: Will Ferrell
- Danny Molaschi
- set costumer
- Les Morgan
- additional costumer
- Patricia Murphy
- seamstress
- Rachael Ohman
- costumer: New York
- Ashley Marie Parker
- set costumer
- Elaine Perlmann
- assistant costume designer
- Lisa D. Quercioli
- costumer: Los Angeles
- Taylor Rierden
- key costumer: New York
- Heather Sease
- set costumer
- Mindy Tiongco
- additional costumer
- Kenyatta Williams
- costumer
Camera Department
- Joseph Abbatecola
- key grip: New York
- Blake Alcantara
- second assistant camera: "a" camera
- Richard Arnold
- grip
- Luke Bareis
- electrician
- Dwayne Barr
- dolly grip: "a" camera
- Warren Brace
- second assistant camera: "c" camera, daily
- Geoff Bremner
- grip
- Matt Byrnes
- dolly grip: "b" camera
- Patrick Capone
- director of photography: second unit
- Joe Chess
- camera operator: "a" camera / steadicam operator
- Jeffrey N. Civa
- first assistant camera: "b" camera
- Chelsea Isabella Clark-James
- rigging grip
- Jason Cox
- bts videographer
- Stephen Crowley
- gaffer
- Sean Cruz
- set lighting technician
- Juvonn Daves
- grip
- Mike Davidson
- electrician
- Michael J. Davis
- best boy electric
- Mike DeGrazzio
- digital imaging technician
- Rami Elias
- electrician
- William Frazier
- electrician
- Jefferson Fugitt
- digital utility: San Diego
- Tony Gandolfi
- grip
- Vincent Gandolfi
- grip
- Wesley Garrison
- additional rigging electrician
- John Grubb
- grip: additional
- Brian Gunter
- camera operator: "c" camera
- Tim Hogle
- grip
- Patrick Istorico
- company rigging grip
- Jeb Johenning
- video playback operator
- Bavand Karim
- additional camera operator / lighting technician
- Yuri Karjane
- additional first assistant camera
- R. Derek Keener
- additional camera operator
- Patrick King
- electrician / rigging electrician
- Gemma La Mana
- still photographer
- John Lally
- best boy rigging electric
- Lane Leagans
- best boy rigging grip
- Jon Lindsay
- additional first assistant camera
- Chris Lumpkin
- key rigging grip
- Max Macat
- digital utility: New York
- Peter Manno
- underwater assistant cameraman
- David McLendon
- lighting technician
- Saul McSween
- digital utility / film loader
- Luca Mercuri
- camera operator
- David Miksch
- electrician
- Brittni Moore
- digital loader
- Jarrett Morgan
- additional electrician
- Paul Murphey
- key digital video assist operator
- Craig Nix
- libra head technician
- Luis Pagan
- grip
- Jesse Pelikan
- rigging grip
- Maricella Ramirez
- first assistant camera: "a" camera/steadicam operator
- Kerry Rawlins
- key grip
- Mackie Roberts
- best boy grip
- Eric J. Robertson
- additional director of photography
- Eric P. Robinson
- first assistant camera: second unit
- Nick Rowland
- set lighting technician
- Robert Russell
- dimmerboard programmer
- Tim Ryan
- gaffer: second unit / set lighting technician
- Michael E. Satrazemis
- camera operator: "b" camera
- Matthew Selkirk
- digital imaging technician: aerial unit
- David Shakibanasab
- rigging electrician
- Sebastian Slayter
- second assistant camera: "a" camera, second unit
- Michael St. Hilaire
- camera operator
- Hektor Stockton
- rigging electrician
- James Stockton
- electrician
- Trey Twitty
- second assistant camera: "b" camera
- Jeff Ward
- grip
- Steve Zigler
- rigging gaffer
- Peter Zuccarini
- underwater director of photography
- Thomas Brown
- grip
- Joshua Gilbert
- second assistant camera
Location Management
- Gerard Averill
- location manager
- Edward Bearden III
- location medic
- Brad Carey
- location assistant
- Victoria Carter
- assistant location manager: New York
- Richard Connors
- location scout
- Jeff Cossaboom
- location coordinator: New York
- Brittany Fauconnet
- additional location assistant
- John Findley
- location scout
- Jason Gorman
- key assistant location manager
- Michael Kriaris
- location manager
- Mathew Noack
- location assistant
- Katie Mae Peters
- assistant locations
- Dan Reilly
- assistant location manager
- Julie Sage
- assistant location manager: New York
- Chris Sarli
- location assistant: New York
- Sara K. Sheets
- location assistant
- Joe Stargensky
- location manager/scout: San Diego
- Mark Stiemke
- locations
- Robert T. Striem
- location manager: New York
- Ryan Christopher Taylor
- key assistant location manager
- Zack Weisz
- location production assistant: New York
- Afton White
- location assistant
- Gabby Williamson
- assistant location manager
- Andrew J. Young
- location scout
Script Department
- Michelle Dunton
- script researcher
- Cate Hardman
- script supervisor
Movie title data and credits provided by 